Abstract

This research paper comprehensively reviews current carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies with the aim of developing a metamodel to make the different approaches comparable. Furthermore, the study examines the different pathways of the technologies in a life cycle analysis (LCA) concerning their efficiency in terms of carbon footprint. The analysis shows that some processes are highly energy-intensive, underlining the need for renewable electricity to minimize CO2 emissions. However, the study also points out several challenges, including incomplete data and unknown variables that hinder the implementation and evaluation of these technologies. In addition, the criticisms and limitations associated with CCS and CCU stress the need for further research and development in this critical area.